Australia Fly Guide
TAS · Tamar River

Headwaters to Ross

Imagery © Esri

block

Not published

This page is staged for review and is not indexed. It carries no reviewed angling guidance, no confirmed regulations and no live conditions. Nothing on this page should be relied on before fishing.

Above Ross the Macquarie is a different river from the one in the books. It comes off the hills east of the Midlands as a quick, cold stream, gathers the Tooms River at the forty-six kilometre mark and the Blackman River at eighty-two, and only in its last few kilometres above the Midland Highway bridge begins to slow into the meadow water it is famous for. The fall of the river on this page shows it: the upper Macquarie loses most of the height the whole river will ever lose in these first ninety kilometres. The Trefusis gauge sits about two-thirds of the way down, and has read the river since 1979; its record is the river's year drawn on the whole-river page, and its latest reading is on this one. The fish are wild browns, mostly small and fit as headwater fish are, holding in the pools and the tails of the riffles rather than the thin water between. It is grazing country with willows along the banks and the access is what IFS has negotiated from the road bridges and marked with signs. Fish it in spring when the water has settled and the first duns are up, or in autumn when the hoppers are on the grass, and fish it as small water: one careful cast to a pool and a step upstream. The meadow river below the bridge will still be there.

River map

Numbered from the source; a name is a link where that water has a page

River map of Macquarie River

South Esk River Jacobs Creek Isis River Halls Creek Back Run Creek Lake River Brumbys Creek Garwoods Creek Tater Garden Creek Elizabeth River Blanchards Creek Coldstream Creek Kittys Rivulet Ramble Rivulet Glen Morriston Rivulet Parramores Creek Brodribb Creek Blue Tier Creek Tacky Creek Tooms River Blackman River Headwaters to Ross Ross to Brumbys Creek Brumbys Creek to the South Esk Macquarie River South Esk River open_in_new Jacobs Creek Isis River Halls Creek Back Run Creek Lake River Brumbys Creek open_in_new Garwoods Creek Tater Garden Creek Elizabeth River Blanchards Creek Coldstream Creek Kittys Rivulet Ramble Rivulet Glen Morriston Rivulet Parramores Creek Brodribb Creek Blue Tier Creek Tacky Creek Tooms River Blackman River 1 Source 1. Source 2 Ross 2. Ross 3 Brumbys Creek 3. Brumbys Creek 4 South Esk River 4. South Esk River

Conditions

What the gauges say

Macquarie River(18217) [macquarie River at Trefusis]

Flow

0.047 m³/s

recorded 2026-09-05 08:00

Very low for early September. Typical is 0.644 m³/s, the middle half of years 0.258 to 2.012. The orange strip is the wadeable band.

Read this as a trend, not a verdict — rising and coloured matters more than the number on its own.

Level

0.5 m

recorded 2026-09-05 08:00

Read this as a trend, not a verdict — rising and coloured matters more than the number on its own.

These are automatic readings that have not been quality-checked, so treat them as a guide to the trend rather than exact figures.

Readings from the Bureau of Meteorology's Water Data Online, © Commonwealth of Australia, licensed CC BY 4.0. Gauge data supplied by © State of Tasmania (Department of Natural Resources and Environment Tasmania). Nothing here is a forecast. Check the gauge before you rely on it.

Weather

What the sky is doing

Live weather for Macquarie River(18217) [macquarie River at Trefusis] loads here. If it does not, check the Bureau of Meteorology forecast before you go.

Weather data by Open-Meteo.com

When things happen

The guide's calendar for this water

When things happen

The year on this water

A guide's calendar, not a rulebook

  • Winter water · Jun to Sep Trefusis runs highest from June to September. Wets and nymphs through the pools while the river drops back.
  • Dry-fly spring · Oct to Dec The upper river settles first. Duns and spinners on the pools, small wild browns looking up.
  • Caddis in the evening runs · Nov to Mar The riffles between the pools come alive at dusk. An Elk Hair Caddis until you cannot see it.
  • Hoppers on the grass · Feb to Apr Grazing country to the bank. A hopper tight to the edge on a warm afternoon.

Water and habitat

Ninety kilometres of mainstem from the source to the Ross bridge, and the steepest part of the Macquarie. The fall of the river on this page has the upper river dropping off the hills through the Tooms junction at forty-six kilometres and the Blackman junction at eighty-two, then flattening into the Midlands floor as it approaches Ross. Pools between riffles in the upper water, longer pools and the first meadow glides toward the bottom. The Trefusis gauge at about sixty kilometres reads flow and height.

Grazing country. The bank survey on the whole-river page reads the corridor as open woodland with a share of grass and a share of crop, which along this stretch means paddocks to the water with willows and native scrub along the banks, and the river a chain of pools you find by walking.

Fish and forage

Brown trout, wild, and generally the small, fit fish of a headwater with the odd larger one in a deep pool as a surprise. IFS manages the whole river as a wild trout fishery and nothing has been stocked into it in fifteen years. Redfin and tench are in the system; IFS asks that any caught be killed and disposed of.

The upper river grows mayfly and caddis in its riffles and pools, and from late summer the grasshoppers off the grazing banks. In water this size the fish are opportunists, and a well-presented dry is rarely refused for being the wrong pattern.

When to fish it

Read the Conditions card on this page before you drive. Trefusis runs highest from June to September, and in a wet year the upper river is a torrent through those months; from October it settles and the pools become readable. Spring, once the water is in the wadeable band drawn on the whole-river page, is the best of the upper river: duns and spinners on the pools and small browns looking up for them. Summer runs low and clear and the pools are the only water; fish early and late. Autumn brings the hoppers and the last good weeks before the upper-river season closes at the start of May.

If the reading is above the band, fish the soft edges from the bank and wait for it to drop.

How to fish it

Small-water fishing. A four weight, a floating line, and a leader you can roll under the willows. A parachute Adams or a Klinkhammer for the fish that show, an Elk Hair Caddis in the evening riffles, a hopper tight to the grass in autumn. When nothing is showing, a dry-dropper with a slim Pheasant Tail hung under a small dry, fished once through each pool and its tail. In the high water of early season, a Woolly Bugger swung through the pools.

Fish upstream, one cast to a pool, then a step. The fish are in the tails and the soft edges, and in water this clear the first cast is the one that counts.

Access and safety

Private grazing country almost the whole way, with the Midland Highway and its side roads crossing the river and the towns of the Midlands along it. IFS has negotiated foot access at points along the river and marks it with signs; where there is no sign you must ask the landowner. Carry the IFS Anglers Access brochure for the Macquarie and Lake Rivers, walk around crops, leave gates as you found them and stay off the fences. The access is a privilege, and IFS says so in as many words.

The hazards are cold water and high flows in the early season, deep pools under the willows, and soft banks. Wade only where you can see the bottom.

Regulations

This stretch lies upstream of the Brumbys Creek junction, so it carries the rules Inland Fisheries Service states for the upper Macquarie: a minimum size, a small daily bag, all methods permitted, and a season from the first Saturday in August to the start of May. An inland angling licence is required.

Take the numbers and the dates from the current Tasmanian Inland Fishing Code and the IFS A to Z page for the river before you fish. They move, and this page does not carry them.

What the record shows

The gauge, the fall of the river and the banks, drawn rather than described

What the record shows

The river's year

Daily flow at Macquarie River(18217) [macquarie River at Trefusis], every year 1979 to 2026

0.1 0.2 0.5 1 2 5 10 wadeable drift ceiling Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec m³/s latest 0.047 m³/s Recorded 2026-09-05 08:00: 0.047 m³/s
47 years of the gauge, week by week. The dark band is the middle half of all years, the pale band nine years in ten, the line the median. The orange dot is the latest reading, placed on the week it was taken, so you can see at a glance whether the river is running high, low or about normal for the time of year. The shaded strip is the band the river sits in about half of all days, the flows most anglers here would call wadeable: a guide's rule of thumb, not a measured limit. In a typical year the river sits in it from late October to early July, and runs too high to wade from late July to early September. Median flow peaks in mid August and bottoms out in mid May.

How often it runs this high

16,808 days at Macquarie River(18217) [macquarie River at Trefusis], 1979 to 2026

0.1 0.1 0.2 0.5 1 2 5 10 20 50 wadeable 0.151 to 0.453 m³/s drift ceiling 1.525 m³/s 0% of days 25% of days 50% of days 75% of days 100% of days m³/s
Read it left to right: the river runs above the flow on the left edge almost never, and above the flow on the right edge almost always. Half of all days sit below 0.3 m³/s. The shaded band is where it sits about half the time, the flows most anglers here would call wadeable; it runs above that one day in three and above the drift ceiling about one day in seven. The bands are a guide's rule of thumb drawn from the record, not a measured limit: read the river when you get there.
More river data The fall of the whole Macquarie River and its bank survey, with this stretch marked

The fall of the river

Elevation along the river, source to end

this stretch 0 km from the source: 634 m · falling 10.3 m per km 1 km from the source: 598 m · falling 13.3 m per km 2 km from the source: 552 m · falling 13.2 m per km 3 km from the source: 545 m · falling 11.3 m per km 4 km from the source: 541 m · falling 10.4 m per km 5 km from the source: 537 m · falling 6.4 m per km 6 km from the source: 533 m · falling 4.1 m per km 7 km from the source: 529 m · falling 4.8 m per km 8 km from the source: 523 m · falling 6 m per km 9 km from the source: 523 m · falling 7.5 m per km 10 km from the source: 518 m · falling 9.8 m per km 11 km from the source: 495 m · falling 11.4 m per km 12 km from the source: 483 m · falling 11.8 m per km 13 km from the source: 475 m · falling 11.9 m per km 14 km from the source: 458 m · falling 11.3 m per km 15 km from the source: 449 m · falling 9.7 m per km 16 km from the source: 442 m · falling 8.6 m per km 17 km from the source: 433 m · falling 7.3 m per km 18 km from the source: 421 m · falling 5.7 m per km 19 km from the source: 420 m · falling 5.2 m per km 20 km from the source: 418 m · falling 5.7 m per km 21 km from the source: 419 m · falling 7 m per km 22 km from the source: 411 m · falling 8.8 m per km 23 km from the source: 393 m · falling 10.3 m per km 24 km from the source: 380 m · falling 10.4 m per km 25 km from the source: 370 m · falling 9.8 m per km 26 km from the source: 360 m · falling 8.2 m per km 27 km from the source: 353 m · falling 6.5 m per km 28 km from the source: 352 m · falling 6 m per km 29 km from the source: 344 m · falling 5.8 m per km 30 km from the source: 342 m · falling 5.9 m per km 31 km from the source: 335 m · falling 6.4 m per km 32 km from the source: 323 m · falling 6.3 m per km 33 km from the source: 317 m · falling 5.5 m per km 34 km from the source: 315 m · falling 4.9 m per km 35 km from the source: 307 m · falling 3.9 m per km 36 km from the source: 308 m · falling 2.8 m per km 37 km from the source: 305 m · falling 2.8 m per km 38 km from the source: 300 m · falling 3 m per km 39 km from the source: 298 m · falling 3 m per km 40 km from the source: 303 m · falling 3.7 m per km 41 km from the source: 289 m · falling 4.4 m per km 42 km from the source: 284 m · falling 4.4 m per km 43 km from the source: 284 m · falling 4.7 m per km 44 km from the source: 281 m · falling 5.3 m per km 45 km from the source: 270 m · falling 5.2 m per km 46 km from the source: 267 m · falling 5.2 m per km 47 km from the source: 263 m · falling 5.3 m per km 48 km from the source: 254 m · falling 4.6 m per km 49 km from the source: 250 m · falling 3.7 m per km 50 km from the source: 247 m · falling 3.4 m per km 51 km from the source: 245 m · falling 2.9 m per km 52 km from the source: 248 m · falling 2.8 m per km 53 km from the source: 242 m · falling 3.1 m per km 54 km from the source: 232 m · falling 2.8 m per km 55 km from the source: 235 m · falling 2.5 m per km 56 km from the source: 231 m · falling 2.4 m per km 57 km from the source: 230 m · falling 2.1 m per km 58 km from the source: 228 m · falling 2.1 m per km 59 km from the source: 227 m · falling 2.5 m per km 60 km from the source: 223 m · falling 2.9 m per km 61 km from the source: 221 m · falling 3 m per km 62 km from the source: 216 m · falling 3 m per km 63 km from the source: 214 m · falling 2.7 m per km 64 km from the source: 209 m · falling 2.2 m per km 65 km from the source: 210 m · falling 1.8 m per km 66 km from the source: 207 m · falling 1.6 m per km 67 km from the source: 208 m · falling 1.4 m per km 68 km from the source: 205 m · falling 1.4 m per km 69 km from the source: 203 m · falling 1.6 m per km 70 km from the source: 200 m · falling 1.4 m per km 71 km from the source: 202 m · falling 1.5 m per km 72 km from the source: 200 m · falling 1.5 m per km 73 km from the source: 197 m · falling 1.5 m per km 74 km from the source: 195 m · falling 1.4 m per km 75 km from the source: 195 m · falling 1.4 m per km 76 km from the source: 194 m · falling 1.2 m per km 77 km from the source: 191 m · falling 1 m per km 78 km from the source: 192 m · falling 0.9 m per km 79 km from the source: 190 m · falling 1 m per km 80 km from the source: 189 m · falling 1 m per km 81 km from the source: 189 m · falling 1 m per km 82 km from the source: 189 m · falling 1.2 m per km 83 km from the source: 186 m · falling 1.3 m per km 84 km from the source: 184 m · falling 1.4 m per km 85 km from the source: 183 m · falling 1.4 m per km 86 km from the source: 182 m · falling 1.3 m per km 87 km from the source: 181 m · falling 1.2 m per km 88 km from the source: 178 m · falling 0.9 m per km 89 km from the source: 179 m · falling 0.7 m per km 90 km from the source: 178 m · falling 0.6 m per km 91 km from the source: 178 m · falling 0.6 m per km 92 km from the source: 178 m · falling 0.6 m per km 93 km from the source: 177 m · falling 0.7 m per km 94 km from the source: 175 m · falling 0.7 m per km 95 km from the source: 174 m · falling 0.7 m per km 96 km from the source: 174 m · falling 0.6 m per km 97 km from the source: 175 m · falling 0.5 m per km 98 km from the source: 174 m · falling 0.5 m per km 99 km from the source: 172 m · falling 0.4 m per km 100 km from the source: 172 m · falling 0.4 m per km 101 km from the source: 172 m · falling 0.5 m per km 102 km from the source: 172 m · falling 0.7 m per km 103 km from the source: 173 m · falling 0.8 m per km 104 km from the source: 170 m · falling 1.2 m per km 105 km from the source: 167 m · falling 0.8 m per km 106 km from the source: 164 m · falling 0.3 m per km 107 km from the source: 168 m · falling 0.4 m per km 108 km from the source: 165 m · falling 0.6 m per km 109 km from the source: 173 m · falling 0.9 m per km 110 km from the source: 170 m · falling 1.9 m per km 111 km from the source: 160 m · falling 2.3 m per km 112 km from the source: 157 m · falling 1.9 m per km 113 km from the source: 160 m · falling 1.6 m per km 114 km from the source: 157 m · falling 1.1 m per km 115 km from the source: 156 m · falling 0.5 m per km 116 km from the source: 156 m · falling 0.5 m per km 117 km from the source: 158 m · falling 0.7 m per km 118 km from the source: 155 m · falling 0.7 m per km 119 km from the source: 155 m · falling 0.7 m per km 120 km from the source: 153 m · falling 0.6 m per km 121 km from the source: 153 m · falling 0.4 m per km 122 km from the source: 152 m · falling 0.1 m per km 123 km from the source: 153 m · falling 0.1 m per km 124 km from the source: 153 m · falling 0.1 m per km 125 km from the source: 154 m · falling 0.3 m per km 126 km from the source: 154 m · falling 0.4 m per km 127 km from the source: 151 m · falling 0.4 m per km 128 km from the source: 151 m · falling 0.2 m per km 129 km from the source: 150 m · falling 0.1 m per km 130 km from the source: 153 m · falling 0 m per km 131 km from the source: 152 m · falling -0.1 m per km 132 km from the source: 152 m · falling 0.2 m per km 133 km from the source: 151 m · falling 0.1 m per km 134 km from the source: 151 m · falling 0.2 m per km 135 km from the source: 152 m · falling 0.3 m per km 136 km from the source: 149 m · falling 0.2 m per km 137 km from the source: 152 m · falling 0.4 m per km 138 km from the source: 150 m · falling 0.7 m per km 139 km from the source: 149 m · falling 0.7 m per km 140 km from the source: 151 m · falling 0.9 m per km 141 km from the source: 146 m · falling 0.9 m per km 142 km from the source: 146 m · falling 0.8 m per km 143 km from the source: 146 m · falling 0.6 m per km 144 km from the source: 145 m · falling 0.6 m per km 145 km from the source: 146 m · falling 0.4 m per km 146 km from the source: 143 m · falling 0.5 m per km 147 km from the source: 145 m · falling 0.5 m per km 148 km from the source: 143 m · falling 0.5 m per km 149 km from the source: 143 m · falling 0.5 m per km 150 km from the source: 142 m · falling 0.2 m per km 151 km from the source: 142 m · falling 0.2 m per km 152 km from the source: 143 m · falling 0.3 m per km 153 km from the source: 142 m · falling 0.3 m per km 154 km from the source: 143 m · falling 0.5 m per km 155 km from the source: 140 m · falling 0.7 m per km 156 km from the source: 139 m · falling 0.4 m per km 157 km from the source: 141 m · falling 0.3 m per km 158 km from the source: 138 m · falling 0.2 m per km 159 km from the source: 139 m · falling -0.2 m per km 160 km from the source: 141 m · falling -0.2 m per km 161 km from the source: 140 m · falling -0.1 m per km 162 km from the source: 139 m · falling 0 m per km 163 km from the source: 142 m · falling 0.2 m per km 164 km from the source: 140 m · falling 0.4 m per km 165 km from the source: 140 m · falling 0.4 m per km 166 km from the source: 136 m · falling 0.2 m per km 167 km from the source: 139 m · falling -0.1 m per km 168 km from the source: 138 m · falling -0.2 m per km 169 km from the source: 139 m · falling -0.2 m per km 170 km from the source: 140 m · falling -0.2 m per km 171 km from the source: 142 m · falling 0.2 m per km 172 km from the source: 139 m · falling 0.5 m per km 173 km from the source: 136 m · falling 0.5 m per km 174 km from the source: 138 m · falling 0.4 m per km 175 km from the source: 139 m · falling 0.4 m per km 176 km from the source: 136 m · falling 0.1 m per km 177 km from the source: 136 m · falling -0.1 m per km 178 km from the source: 138 m · falling 0 m per km 179 km from the source: 138 m · falling 0 m per km 180 km from the source: 139 m · falling 0 m per km 181 km from the source: 136 m · falling 0.1 m per km 182 km from the source: 137 m · falling 0.1 m per km 183 km from the source: 138 m · falling 0.3 m per km 184 km from the source: 137 m · falling 0.3 m per km 185 km from the source: 137 m · falling 0.2 m per km 186 km from the source: 137 m · falling 0.3 m per km 187 km from the source: 134 m · falling 0.2 m per km 188 km from the source: 137 m · falling 0.1 m per km 189 km from the source: 136 m · falling 0.1 m per km 190 km from the source: 135 m · falling 0.1 m per km 191 km from the source: 137 m · falling 0.1 m per km 192 km from the source: 135 m · falling 0.3 m per km 193 km from the source: 136 m · falling 0.3 m per km 194 km from the source: 134 m · falling 0.2 m per km 0 km 50 km 100 km 150 km
Falls from about 634 m to 134 m over 194 km. Steepest around the 1 km mark, dropping about 13 m for every km. A flat shelf is a lake the river runs through.

The banks, seen from space

Land cover in the 120 m beside the water, Landsat 2023 to 2024 to 2025

this stretch 0 to 10 km: woody dense 27.2% 0 to 10 km: woody open 69.3% 0 to 10 km: herbaceous native 1.9% 0 to 10 km: cultivated 1.6% 10 to 20 km: woody dense 11.9% 10 to 20 km: woody open 88.1% 20 to 30 km: woody dense 2.5% 20 to 30 km: woody open 95.9% 20 to 30 km: woody sparse 1.6% 30 to 40 km: woody open 95.9% 30 to 40 km: woody sparse 2.2% 30 to 40 km: herbaceous native 1.9% 40 to 50 km: woody open 78.7% 40 to 50 km: woody sparse 11.9% 40 to 50 km: herbaceous native 7.2% 40 to 50 km: cultivated 2.2% 50 to 60 km: woody open 55.3% 50 to 60 km: woody sparse 6.6% 50 to 60 km: herbaceous native 35% 50 to 60 km: cultivated 3.1% 60 to 70 km: woody open 36.2% 60 to 70 km: woody sparse 2.2% 60 to 70 km: herbaceous native 39.3% 60 to 70 km: cultivated 22.3% 70 to 80 km: woody open 15.8% 70 to 80 km: woody sparse 4.1% 70 to 80 km: herbaceous native 65% 70 to 80 km: cultivated 15.1% 80 to 90 km: woody open 17.8% 80 to 90 km: woody sparse 0.3% 80 to 90 km: herbaceous native 48.8% 80 to 90 km: cultivated 33.1% 90 to 100 km: woody open 25.9% 90 to 100 km: woody sparse 0.6% 90 to 100 km: herbaceous native 29.1% 90 to 100 km: cultivated 44.4% 100 to 110 km: woody open 25.9% 100 to 110 km: woody sparse 2.5% 100 to 110 km: herbaceous native 36% 100 to 110 km: cultivated 35.6% 110 to 120 km: woody dense 0.6% 110 to 120 km: woody open 20.7% 110 to 120 km: woody sparse 1% 110 to 120 km: herbaceous native 22.7% 110 to 120 km: cultivated 55% 120 to 130 km: woody open 20.9% 120 to 130 km: woody sparse 3.4% 120 to 130 km: herbaceous native 25.9% 120 to 130 km: cultivated 49.8% 130 to 140 km: woody dense 2.5% 130 to 140 km: woody open 38.9% 130 to 140 km: woody sparse 1.9% 130 to 140 km: herbaceous native 29.3% 130 to 140 km: cultivated 27.4% 140 to 150 km: woody open 36.2% 140 to 150 km: woody sparse 1.9% 140 to 150 km: herbaceous native 13.5% 140 to 150 km: cultivated 48.4% 150 to 160 km: woody dense 0.6% 150 to 160 km: woody open 23.4% 150 to 160 km: woody sparse 0.6% 150 to 160 km: herbaceous native 4.4% 150 to 160 km: cultivated 70.7% 150 to 160 km: bare 0.3% 160 to 170 km: woody open 25.5% 160 to 170 km: woody sparse 3.1% 160 to 170 km: herbaceous native 3.1% 160 to 170 km: cultivated 68.3% 170 to 180 km: woody dense 0.3% 170 to 180 km: woody open 22.3% 170 to 180 km: woody sparse 0.9% 170 to 180 km: herbaceous native 2.2% 170 to 180 km: cultivated 74.3% 180 to 190 km: woody dense 1.3% 180 to 190 km: woody open 20.1% 180 to 190 km: woody sparse 0.6% 180 to 190 km: herbaceous native 1.9% 180 to 190 km: cultivated 76.1% 190 to 194.5 km: woody open 27.7% 190 to 194.5 km: woody sparse 3.2% 190 to 194.5 km: herbaceous native 1.3% 190 to 194.5 km: cultivated 67.8% 0 km 50 km 100 km 150 km
dense trees open or scattered trees native grass and heath farmed or cleared bare ground
Along the river itself about 47% of the bank is under trees, 19% is native grass or heath and 34% is farmed. The most wooded stretch is 10 to 20 km from the source; the most open is 80 to 90 km. A satellite reads the canopy, not the ground beneath it, so treat this as a read of the country, not a survey of every bank.

Questions anglers ask

Where does this stretch end?

At the Midland Highway bridge at Ross, the town every angler names on this river. Below the bridge the meadow water begins and is its own page.

What does the gauge tell me?

The Trefusis station sits about sixty kilometres down the stretch and has read flow and height since 1979. Its latest readings are on this page under Conditions, and its whole record is the river's year drawn on the whole-river page. If the reading sits in the wadeable band the pools are in order; above it, fish the edges and wait.

Which rules apply?

This stretch is upstream of the Brumbys Creek junction, so it carries the upper-river rules IFS states: a minimum size, a small bag, all methods, and a season that closes at the start of May. Take the numbers from the current Inland Fishing Code.

Behind this page

Sources

  1. 1 Bureau of Meteorology — Water Data Online series catalogue (Snowy/Monaro stations), Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International, retrieved 2026-08-12.
  2. 2 Geofabric v3.x — national stream network, complete with polyline geometry, Bureau of Meteorology, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International, retrieved 2026-08-13.
  3. 3 Town Points — Geoscape Administrative Boundaries, Geoscape Australia, via the Digital Atlas of Australia, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International, retrieved 2026-08-24.